ginkgo biloba family pdf

In addition, the necrotic region of the central lobe was diminished by GBE therapy [69, 112]. Klein M., Fiehe K., Gror J. Var R., DArchivio M., Filesi C., et al. At the end of the studies, tissues from more than 40 sites were examined for One study examined the immunostimulatory effects of dietary G. biloba (GB) on oxidative stress and toxicity induced by the organophosphate insecticide diazinon. Townsley, B. T. & Sinha, N. R. A new development: evolving concepts in leaf ontogeny. Yang, Z. PAML 4: phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Shinozuka K., Umegaki K., Kubota Y., et al. X.W., C.A., X.S., H.F. and D.M. observed that the maximal combination of 240mg EGb (QD) and 400mg sorafenib (BID) was effective and tolerable for HCC patients in a clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy combined treatment for patients with advanced HCC [178]. HbA1c, FBG, plasma insulin, BMI, waist circumference, VAI, GBE primarily improved the glycemic control through the suppression of release of glucose from the liver, 3 human randomized controlled trial (RCT). Google Scholar. & Apweiler, R. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. EGb 761 also regulates the activity of leukocyte elastase, a protein involved in blood coagulation disorders, pulmonary damage, and chronic bronchitis, and the components of EGb 761 were able to reduce inflammation in the lungs [71]. Curr. & Bennetzen, J. L. The paleontology of intergene retrotransposons of maize. 1). FOIA Liu, H., Cao, F., Yin, T. & Chen, Y. Ginkgo Biloba | AAFP EGb 761 (240mg/day) outperformed the placebo for minimizing the incidence of TD symptoms. However, ginkgo may not be as helpful for this condition as exercise therapy or prescription drugs. for 4 weeks), High-fat diet mice's epididymal adipose tissue weight and adipocyte size, high-density lipoprotein, 0.67mg/kg ginkgolic acid, and 701.3mg/kg gingko flavonoids, Liver and body fat weights, serum and hepatic amounts of triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, leptin, PPAR, Ginkgolic acids had a wide antimicrobial repertoire against bacteria such as, In vitro, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, ROS/RNS, mitochondrial APE1 level, OXPHOS complexes I and IV activity, Ginkgolide B restored the neuroprotective function of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation against A25-35-induced neurotoxicity, Glutathione, superoxide dismutase, MDA, NO, phosphatase PP2A, GBE or similar drugs may be used as a long-term therapeutic alternative in elderly patients with ischemic brain injuries, NO, GSH, did not affect the decreased MDA levels, GBE reduced cisplatin's oxidative stress-related neurological side effects, GBE demonstrated antioxidative activities by affecting the modulation of GSK3 to suppress zinc-induced tau phosphorylation at Ser262, 8-OHdG, MDA, BDNF levels, locomotor activity, anxiety levels, GBE supplementation increased cognitive functions by reducing oxidative damage and increasing BDNF levels, GBE has strong antioxidant properties and is likely to be a valuable medication for gamma-irradiation safety and/or as an antioxidant against oxidative stress, In vitro, normal human keratinocytes (NHKs), 5kg of fresh leaves dissolved in 0.11% concentrated fresh medium, GBE, alone or in combination with EGCG, led to mild inflammation processes in angiogenesis-related skin diseases, Wound surface area, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-stained cells, 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine-stained cells, In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, signal transducer, and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) phosphorylation were substantially inhibited, Ginkgolide a demonstrated STAT3-mediated inhibition of inflammatory response in high-glucose-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, PF4 and CD40L expression, phosphorylation of Syk and p38MAP, Ca, Ginkgolide B prevented platelet release by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Syk and p38 MAPK in thrombin-stimulated platelets, 27.69% bilobalide, 37.15% ginkgolide A, 22.04% ginkgolide B, and 11.66% ginkgolide C, Bilobalide lowered hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GSH, nitrite levels, protein expressions of iNOS, TNF-, In vivo, APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, GBE protected the APP/PS1 mouse from damage by regulating inflammation in the brain, GBE (100mg/kg/day), donepezil (1.5mg/kg/day), Basal ACh levels, AChE, HACU extracellular choline release, ChAT activity, GBE and donepezil combination demonstrated neuroprotective properties by lowering choline levels, In vitro, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), Improved skin condition and antiaging effect, In non-diazinon fish, 1 and 2g GB/kg diet for 60 days. Ruan, J. Tokyo 12, 103149 (1898). Nucleic Acids Res. PubMed Central Phenolic acids have been demonstrated to form glycosidic or covalent bonds, with the exception of the free form in GBL [20]. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 4, 259263 (2006). Genome Biol. This work was funded by the Key Forestry Public Welfare Project (grant no. The genus name biloba refers to the tree's two separate lobes, and the genus name Ginkgo is a phonetic translation of the tree's Japanese name. Ginkgo biloba - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden The uses of diverse methodologies, metrics, and research methods across studies have complicated the determination of effectiveness and the ability to perform cross-study comparisons. Nishimon S., Yamaguchi M., Muraki H., Sakai N., Nishino S. Intraperitoneal injection of ginkgolide B, a major active compound of Ginkgo biloba, dose-dependently increases the amount of wake and decreases non-rapid eye movement sleep in C57BL/6 mice. Castellon X., Bogdanova V. Chronic inflammatory diseases and endothelial dysfunction. USA 107, 2257022575 (2010). Ginkgolic acids have been the subject of several experiments examining the antimicrobial functions of G. biloba seeds. Google Scholar. The administration of EGb 761 results in increased BDNF levels through antioxidant mechanisms, which have neuroprotective effects, suggesting that EGb 761 could potentially reduce TD symptoms [132]. Kwon K. J., Lee E. J., Cho K. S., Cho D. H, Shin C. Y, Han S. H. Belviranli M., Okudan N. The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive functions in aged female rats: the role of oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Al Mahmud Z., Emran T. B., Qais N., Bachar S. C., Sarker M., Muhammad Nasir Uddin M. Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of Premna esculenta (Roxb). Ginkgo biloba: Family: Ginkgoaceae belong to the class of the Ginkgophytes. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The family of Ginkgoaceae contains the single genus, Ginkgo, and a single species, Ginkgo. Tareq A. M., Farhad S., Neshar Uddin A. Before performed analysis of LTR elements. UniProt Consortium. It's so ancient, the species is known as a ' living fossil '. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Protocatechuic acid induces antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme expression through JNK-mediated Nrf2 activation in murine macrophages. In vitro antioxidant and immunostimulating activities of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Most herbs defend the body against infection through two basic mechanisms: destroying pathogens or increasing immunity [127]. Mashia Subha Lami and Arka Jyoti Chakraborty visualized and investigated the study. Ginkgo Biloba - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Many different GBEs have been shown to cause biphasic reactions in a wide variety of cell types. The evaluation of genotoxic and carcinogenic potential represents significant toxicity endpoints during the safety assessment of a drug [169]. Rev. In the irradiation+GBE groups, the activity of lens xanthine oxidase (XO) was reduced substantially [89]. investigated the impacts of GBE on human SGC7901 gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Chanderbali, A. S. et al. PRJCA001755. Range EGb 761 is a polyvalent radical scavenger that helps mitochondria work better. GBE also inhibited serotonin release in peripheral blood and activated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-associated antiapoptotic pathways [120]. designed the experiments. In thrombin (0.5U/mL)-activated platelets, ginkgolide B (0.6mg/mL) suppressed ATP release by 50.8% and partially reduced calcium efflux by 52.7%, according to a recent study. first separated and described biginkgosides in 2016, describing the isolation of nine biginkgosides [27]. Plants 4, 8289 (2018). Konta E. M., Almeida M. R., Do Amaral C. L., et al. Genome Res. One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative. Jang H.-s., Roh S. Y., Jeong E. H., Kim B.-S., Sunwoo M. K. Ginkgotoxin induced seizure caused by vitamin B6 deficiency. Individuals who suffer from GAD often struggle to contain their worries [135]. Moreover, a wide variety of potential therapeutic effects for G. biloba such as protection of DNA from oxidative harm and mitochondrial dysfunction, the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis (mediated by mitochondria, caspases, and death receptors), function in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) effects, regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and intramitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis have not yet been extensively studied. Genet. In vivo neuroprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory potential in Swiss albino mice and in vitro antioxidant and clot lysis activities of fractionated Holigarna longifolia Roxb. Extended Data Fig. Integr. Lu Y., Jiang F., Jiang H., et al. Airway inflammation is exacerbated by neutrophils and other inflammatory cells. J.R. and S.W. Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Brain Oxidative Condition after Cisplatin Exposure. Matsumoto, S. & Fukui, H. J. J. Coll. The extract also increased intracellular ROS while decreasing GSH levels [175]. Ginkgo Biloba - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. G. biloba polysaccharides (GBPS) exert enhanced antitumor and immune responses. Bilobalide, according to one study, shielded lipid cells against oxygen deficiency-induced insulin resistance and reduced inflammation by increasing adiponectin secretion, blocking the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) receptors in the insulin signaling cascade, lowering inflammatory adipokine production, and decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation [77]. A., Abdalah M. E., Hanna D. B. Phytochemical structure and Biological Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves:A review. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. Clinical studies examining 240mg daily EGb 761 administration to dementia patients have indicated that EGb 761 can stabilize or delay mental functional decline, especially among individuals with neuropsychiatric symptoms [179]. PubMed According to these findings, ginkgolide B (orally administered at 5mg/kg/day) enhanced cholinergic vasorelaxation and phenylephrine vasoconstriction in male Sprague Dawley rats. Liu et al. Acta Hortic. Metabolite-related antidepressant action of diterpene ginkgolides in the prefrontal cortex. & Fletcher, J. C. J. N. R. G. Molecular mechanisms of flower development: an armchair guide. Genome Biol. [. Ginkgo biloba - PubMed Common Name: maidenhair tree Type: Tree Family: Ginkgoaceae Native Range: Southern China Zone: 3 to 8 Height: 50.00 to 80.00 feet Spread: 30.00 to 40.00 feet Bloom Time: April Bloom Description: Green Sun: Full sun Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Street Tree Flower: Insignificant Leaf: Good Fall UV-B promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba by inducing the Thompson A. J., McGonigle I., Duke R., Johnston G. A., Lummis S. C. A single amino acid determines the toxicity of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Nat. Chemical structures of Ginkgo biloba's key bioactive compounds. Tarun Belwal R. S. R., Giri L., Amit B., Tariq M.., Kewlani P. Ginkgo Biloba, 2019. CAFE: a computational tool for the study of gene family evolution. Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Google Scholar. and X.D. Sci. examined the antioxidant impacts of G. biloba on the prevention of radiation-induced cataract development in the rat lens. Zhao Q., Gao C., Cui Z. Ginkgolide A reduces inflammatory response in high-glucose-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells through STAT3-mediated pathway. The expression of genes associated with Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and drug metabolic enzymes in the Myc gene-centered network termed cell cycle, cancer, and cellular mobility were found to differ significantly in the livers of male B6C3F1 mice based on microarray analysis [171]. Article Silva A. M., Silva S. C., Soares J. P., et al. G. biloba has hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic oxidative injury in rats [113]. Synergism is the phenomenon in which treatment with two or more agents simultaneously result in more influential health outcomes than would be expected from the sum of the individual effects [151]. The in vivo and in vitro studies examining the therapeutic effects of G. biloba are given in Table 3. 1 Sequential inversion of a 170-Mb region at the terminus of chromosome 11 revealed by a genetic map. Hypertension is a progressive condition that can lead to serious problems, such as acute coronary syndromes, chronic cardiac failure, and stroke [142]. Mag. PDF 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Identification of the agent Kressmann S., Biber A., Wonnemann M., Schug B., Blume H. H., Mller W. E. Influence of pharmaceutical quality on the bioavailability of active components from Ginkgo biloba preparations. Nucleic Acids Res. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Carola V., DOlimpio F., Brunamonti E., Mangia F., Renzi P. Evaluation of the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests for the assessment of anxiety-related behaviour in inbred mice. Wu et al. FEBS Lett. 12, 10751079 (2002). Coughs, asthma, and other lung disorders have long been treated with G. biloba in traditional Chinese medicine. All custom codes are available for research purposes from the corresponding authors upon request. & Wang, H. LTR_FINDER: an efficient tool for the prediction of full-length LTR retrotransposons. 28, 2730 (2000). The polysaccharides derived from G. biloba leaves may represent successful pharmacological candidates for depression treatment [117]. Tissues undergo DNA oxidative stress, oxidative protein injury, lipid peroxidation, and other oxidative injuries when they mature. The highest efficacy was identified for nerolidol, and the combination of GBP and isophytol exhibited the best synergistic activity against Salmonella enterica among the three strains examined [154]. Inflammation, the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin pathway, autoimmune vascular malfunction, and oxidative stress are among the pathophysiological etiologies associated with the development of hypertension [143]. Hoenerhoff M. J., Pandiri A. R., Snyder S. A. Hepatocellular carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice treated with ginkgo biloba extract for two years differ from spontaneous liver tumors in cancer gene mutations and genomic pathways. Both immune components in diazinon-exposed fish in control and those fed 0.5 and 4g GB/kg diets reduced significantly throughout the exposure.
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